Colorectal cancer occurs when cells in the bowel tissue begin to divide and grow abnormally. These cells can multiply and form tumours.

When these tumours become malignant or cancerous, they can spread beyond the bowel to other parts of the body.

Colorectal cancer is also sometimes referred to as colon cancer or rectal cancer, depending on where in the bowel the cancer originates. Colon cancer starts in the large bowel, which is part of your digestive system.

The function of the large bowel (also known as the large intestine or colon) is to absorb water and salts from food and eliminate any remaining waste products.

Rectal cancer begins in the final section of the large bowel (rectum or back passage). This part of the bowel stores faeces until it’s ready to be passed out of your body.

While the precise origins of colorectal cancer remain elusive, evidence suggests that both hereditary and environmental factors contribute to its development. Certain lifestyle choices, such as tobacco use, sedentary behaviour, and excess body weight, may elevate one’s likelihood of developing this condition. Genetic predisposition might determine an individual’s vulnerability to the disease, whilst dietary habits and other environmental influences could potentially trigger its onset in susceptible persons.

In the majority of instances, no specific cause can be pinpointed for the emergence of colorectal cancer in a given patient. Instead, it is often attributed to spontaneous genetic alterations occurring within the cells that line the large intestine or back passage. These changes accumulate over time, potentially leading to the formation of malignant growths.

It’s worth noting that up to 30% of colorectal cancer cases are associated with familial history. This can be further categorised into hereditary colorectal cancer, where a known cancer-causing mutation is passed down through generations, and familial colorectal cancer, which appears to result from multiple factors altering an individual’s DNA, thereby increasing their susceptibility.

Recent research has shed light on the complex interplay between genetics and lifestyle factors. For instance, a study published in Nature Communications revealed that individuals with certain genetic variants might be more susceptible to DNA damage caused by environmental factors, potentially increasing their risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Thanks to our advanced imaging equipment, dedicated endoscopy suite and expert pathologists, we accurately diagnose and stage colorectal tumours.

Our first-class diagnostic service helps to ensure you receive the best possible treatment. Here are the methods used to diagnose colorectal cancer:

Colonoscopy A camera at the end of a long, thin, flexible tube is used to examine the full length of the inside of your bowel. A colonoscopy is currently the most effective way to check for bowel cancer and is performed by experts in our purpose-built endoscopy suite.

Pelvic MRI scan We have a state-of-the-art imaging department with specialists who are experts at creating and interpreting detailed MRI scans of inside your body.

Trans-rectal ultrasound scan (TRUS) A small ultrasound probe is passed into the back passage to help obtain clearer images of the cancer.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test Carcinoembryonic antigen is a protein produced by some types of cancer, particularly bowel cancer. This blood test looks for high levels of CEA in your blood.

However, high levels of CEA can be caused by smoking and non-cancerous conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and liver disease, so a specialist may recommend further tests.

Colorectal cancer often presents with subtle signs and symptoms that can be easily overlooked, particularly in its early stages. However, recognising these warning signs is crucial for early detection and improved treatment outcomes.

One of the most common indicators is bleeding from the back passage or the presence of blood in the stool. This symptom should never be ignored, even if it appears intermittent or minor. Changes in bowel habits are another key sign to watch for. This may manifest as persistent loose stools or unexplained constipation that deviates from one’s normal pattern.

A noticeable loss of appetite or a general disinterest in food can also be a warning sign. This may be accompanied by unintentional weight loss, which can occur even without significant changes in diet or exercise habits. Persistent fatigue or tiredness that cannot be explained by other factors may also be a cause for concern.

Abdominal discomfort is another potential symptom. This may present as pain that worsens after eating, persistent bloating, or a palpable lump or swelling in the belly. While these symptoms can be associated with various digestive issues, their persistence or worsening should prompt medical attention.

It is important to note that an early diagnosis of colorectal cancer typically leads to more favourable treatment outcomes. Therefore, if you experience any of these symptoms, particularly if they persist or worsen over time, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional promptly. Regular screenings and awareness of one’s body can play a crucial role in the early detection and successful treatment of colorectal cancer.